HP 语言参考 · Language Reference

1. 数据类型 Data Types

HP 区分定长数值、便捷类型与复合容器。所有容器均为同构（异构请用 enum/struct）。HP separates fixed-width numbers, convenience aliases and composite containers. Containers are homogeneous.

numint → i64float → f64 i8/i16/i32/i64u8/u16/u32/u64isize/usize f32/f64boolstrString list[T]set[T]tuple jsoncomplex32/64ptr[T] / &T / &mut T

types.hp

a = 10            # 自动推断为 int (底层 i64)
b = 3.14          # 自动推断为 float (底层 f64)
c: i32 = 42       # 显式定长类型
name = "HP"       # str: 不可变切片 (ptr, len)
xs: list[i32] = [1, 2, 3]
s: set[i32] = {1, 2, 3}
t = (1, "a", true)
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}   # json 字面量

2. 运算符 Operators

算术、比较、逻辑、位运算、集合、成员、身份、复合赋值一应俱全；字符串/列表/元组支持拼接与重复。Arithmetic, comparison, logical, bitwise, set, membership, identity and compound-assignment operators are all present.

ops.hp

x = 10 + 3 * 2      # 16
y = 7 % 3           # 1
z = 2 ** 8           # 256
b = (x > 5) and (y < 2)
bits = 0b1100 | 0b0011   # 0b1111
text = "ab" * 3      # "ababab"
lst = [1, 2] + [3]   # [1, 2, 3]
ok = 3 in xs
same = a is b        # 仅对 ptr/ref/可变容器有效

3. 变量与常量 Variables & Constants

vars.hp

count = 0            # 变量
const PI = 3.14159   # 常量（编译期）
a, b = 1, 2          # 多变量赋值
head, *tail = [1,2,3,4]   # 解包：head=1, tail=[2,3,4]
x, y, z = (10, 20, 30)

4. 控制流 Control Flow

支持 if/elif/else、for/while、break/continue、循环 else 子句、pass，缩进或 {} 皆可界定代码块。if/elif/else, for/while, break/continue, loop-else and pass — blocks via indentation or braces.

control.hp

if score >= 90:
    grade = "A"
elif score >= 60:
    grade = "B"
else:
    grade = "C"

for i in 0..10:
    print(i)

for item in xs:
    if item == 0: continue
    if item == 9: break

while running:
    tick()

# 遍历带索引
for idx, val in enumerate(xs):
    print(idx, val)

5. 函数 Functions

支持默认参数、可变参数、*args、重载、匿名函数（闭包）、文档字符串与递归。Default args, variadics, *args, overloading, lambdas (closures), docstrings and recursion.

func.hp

fn add(a: int, b: int = 1) -> int {
    return a + b
}

# 匿名函数 / 闭包
square = fn(x) { return x * x }
nums = map(xs, fn(x) { return x * 2 })

# 递归
fn fib(n: int) -> int {
    if n <= 1 { return n }
    return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
}

# 函数重载（按参数数量分派）
fn show(x: int) { print("int", x) }
fn show(x: str) { print("str", x) }

6. 结构体 / 枚举 / 接口 Struct / Enum / Trait

adt.hp

struct Point {
    x: num
    y: num
}

enum Color { Red, Green, Blue }

interface Printable {
    fn print(self)
}

impl Printable for Point {
    fn print(self) { print("(", self.x, ",", self.y, ")") }
}

p = Point { x: 3, y: 4 }
p.print()

7. 推导式 Comprehensions

列表 / 字典 / 集合推导式在编译期展开为高效循环。List / dict / set comprehensions expand to efficient loops at compile time.

comp.hp

squares = [x * x for x in 0..10]            # [0,1,4,...81]
evens   = [x for x in xs if x % 2 == 0]
mapped  = {str(x): x for x in 0..5}        # json
uniq    = {x for x in xs}                  # set

8. match / switch Pattern Match

match 支持枚举、字面量、守卫、通配；switch 针对整数/枚举生成跳转表，支持范围匹配。match supports enums, literals, guards and wildcards; switch builds jump tables with range matching.

match.hp

name = match color {
    Color::Red   => "红色"
    Color::Green => "绿色"
    Color::Blue  => "蓝色"
    _            => "未知"
}

switch (score) {
    case 90..=100: print("优秀")
    case 80..89:   print("良好")
    case 0..59:    print("不及格")
    default:       print("无效")
}

9. 管道操作符 Pipeline

pipe.hp

result = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    |> map(fn(x) { return x * 2 })
    |> filter(fn(x) { return x > 5 })
# 等价于 filter(map(...)) —— 数据从左向右流动

10. 所有权与借用 Ownership & Borrow

赋值默认转移所有权；堆类型必须显式 move，& 创建不可变/可变借用，NLL 检查在编译期完成。Assignment transfers ownership; heap types require explicit move; & borrows; NLL checking at compile time.

own.hp

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = move a        # 显式转移，a 失效
r = &b            # 不可变借用
fn read(data: &list[num]) { print(data.len()) }

11. 宏 / const fn / CTFE Metaprogramming

meta.hp

macro debug_print(msg) {
    print("DEBUG: " + msg)
}

const fn factorial(n: i32) -> i32 {
    if n <= 1 { 1 } else { n * factorial(n - 1) }
}
const FACT_10 = factorial(10)   # 编译期算出 3628800

@compileExec
fn gen_table() -> [f64; 8] {
    t: [f64; 8]
    for i in 0..8: t[i] = f64(i)
    return t
}

12. 属性 Attributes

用 #[attr] 控制内联、目标指令集、分支预测、内存布局与向量化。Use #[attr] to control inlining, target ISA, branch hints, layout and vectorization.

attr.hp

#[inline(always)]   fn hot() { ... }
#[cold]             fn handle_error(e) { ... }
#[target_feature("+avx2")]  fn dot(a, b) { ... }
#[likely]   if x > 0 { ... } else #[unlikely] { ... }
#[repr(C)]  struct Cfg { a: i32, b: i32 }

13. 错误处理 Error Handling

Result[T, E] 利用 niche 优化实现零额外空间，? 运算符零成本传播错误。Result[T, E] is niche-optimized to zero extra space; ? propagates errors at zero cost.

err.hp

fn might_fail(x: int) -> Result<int, str> {
    if x > 0 { return Ok(x) }
    return Err("negative")
}
fn use_it() {
    val = might_fail(10)?   # 自动解包，Err 则提前返回
    print(val)
}

HP 语法全书 / Grammar